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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">WebRTC</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">WebRTC</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Justin Uberti<br>Peter Thatcher</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">2011<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2011</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">1.0<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

/ May 4, 2018<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2018-05-04</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webrtc.googlesource.com/">webrtc<wbr>.googlesource<wbr>.com</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">Standard</a>(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w3.org/TR/webrtc/">w3<wbr>.org<wbr>/TR<wbr>/webrtc<wbr>/</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="BSD_license" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD license">BSD license</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webrtc.org/">webrtc<wbr>.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>WebRTC</b> (<b>Web Real-Time Communication</b>) is a <a href="Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source</a> project providing <a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a> and <a href="Mobile_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile application">mobile applications</a> with <a href="Real-time_communication" title="Real-time communication">real-time communication</a> (RTC) via <a href="API" title="API">application programming interfaces</a> (APIs). It allows audio and video communication and streaming to work inside web pages by allowing direct <a href="Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> communication, eliminating the need to install <a href="Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">plugins</a> or download native apps.<sup id="cite_ref-revolutionizing_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revolutionizing-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Supported by <a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, <a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a>, and <a href="Opera_(company)" title="Opera (company)">Opera</a>, WebRTC specifications have been published by the <a href="World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C) and the <a href="Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF).<sup id="cite_ref-standardisation_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standardisation-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Interactive_Connectivity_Establishment" title="Interactive Connectivity Establishment">ICE</a>, <a href="STUN" title="STUN">STUN</a> and <a href="Traversal_Using_Relays_around_NAT" title="Traversal Using Relays around NAT">TURN</a> are the <a href="NAT_traversal" title="NAT traversal">NAT traversal</a> techniques used to connect to remote peers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>In May 2010, Google bought <a href="Global_IP_Solutions" title="Global IP Solutions">Global IP Solutions</a> or GIPS, a <a href="Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">VoIP</a> and <a href="Videoconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferencing">videoconferencing</a> software company that had developed many components required for RTC, such as codecs and echo cancellation techniques. Google open-sourced the GIPS technology and engaged with relevant standards bodies at the <a href="IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> and <a href="W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a> to ensure industry consensus.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2011, <a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a> released an <a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> project for browser-based real-time communication known as WebRTC.<sup id="cite_ref-code_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-code-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been followed by ongoing work to standardize the relevant <a href="Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">protocols</a> in the <a href="Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a><sup id="cite_ref-rtcweb_charter_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rtcweb_charter-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and browser APIs in the W3C.<sup id="cite_ref-w3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In January 2011, <a href="Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> Labs built the first implementation of WebRTC using a modified <a href="WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a> library.<sup id="cite_ref-ericsson_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ericsson-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eric_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eric-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2011, the <a href="World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a> published its first draft for the spec.<sup id="cite_ref-first-wd_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-wd-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WebRTC milestones include the first cross-browser video call (February 2013), first cross-browser data transfers (February 2014), and as of July 2014 <a href="Google_Hangouts" title="Google Hangouts">Google Hangouts</a> was "kind of" using WebRTC.<sup id="cite_ref-nowak_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nowak-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The W3C draft API was based on preliminary work done in the <a href="WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whatwg_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatwg-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was referred to as the ConnectionPeer API, and a pre-standards concept implementation was created at <a href="Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> Labs.<sup id="cite_ref-ericsson_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ericsson-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WebRTC Working Group expects this specification to evolve significantly based on:

</p>

<ul><li>Outcomes of ongoing exchanges in the companion RTCWEB group at <a href="IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a><sup id="cite_ref-rtcweb_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rtcweb-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to define the set of <a href="Communications_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications protocol">protocols</a> that, together with this document, define <a href="Real-time_communication" title="Real-time communication">real-time communications</a> in web browsers. While no one signaling protocol is mandated, <a href="Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">SIP</a> over <a href="WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSockets</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7118">7118</a>) is often used partially due to the applicability of SIP<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to most of the envisaged communication scenarios as well as the availability of open-source software such as <a href="JsSIP" title="JsSIP">JsSIP</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Internet_privacy" title="Internet privacy">Privacy issues</a> that arise when exposing local capabilities and local streams</li>

<li>Technical discussions within the group, on implementing data channels in particular<sup id="cite_ref-data-protocol-00_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-data-protocol-00-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Experience gained through early experimentation</li>

<li>Feedback from other groups and individuals</li></ul>

<p>In November 2017, the WebRTC 1.0 specification transitioned from Working Draft to Candidate Recommendation.<sup id="cite_ref-first-cr_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-cr-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In January 2021, the WebRTC 1.0 specification transitioned from Candidate Recommendation to <a href="World_Wide_Web_Consortium#W3C_recommendation_(REC)" title="World Wide Web Consortium">Recommendation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-standardisation_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standardisation-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div>

<p>Major components of WebRTC include several <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> <a href="Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">APIs</a>:

</p>

<ul><li><code>getUserMedia</code> acquires the audio and video media (e.g., by accessing a device's camera and microphone).<sup id="cite_ref-c_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><code>RTCPeerConnection</code> enables audio and video communication between peers. It performs <a href="Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">signal processing</a>, <a href="Codec" title="Codec">codec</a> handling, peer-to-peer communication, security, and <a href="Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a> management.<sup id="cite_ref-rtcpeerconnection_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rtcpeerconnection-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><code>RTCDataChannel</code> allows bidirectional communication of arbitrary data between peers. The data is transported using <a href="SCTP" class="mw-redirect" title="SCTP">SCTP</a> over <a href="DTLS" class="mw-redirect" title="DTLS">DTLS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It uses the same API as <a href="WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSockets</a> and has very low <a href="Network_latency" class="mw-redirect" title="Network latency">latency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rtcdatachannel_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rtcdatachannel-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>The WebRTC API also includes a statistics function:

</p>

<ul><li><code>getStats</code> allows the web application to retrieve a set of statistics about WebRTC sessions. These statistics data are being described in a separate W3C document.<sup id="cite_ref-stats_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stats-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>The WebRTC API includes <b>no provisions for signaling</b>, that is discovering peers to connect to and determine how to establish connections among them. Applications use <a href="Interactive_Connectivity_Establishment" title="Interactive Connectivity Establishment">Interactive Connectivity Establishment</a> for connections and are responsible for managing sessions, possibly relying on any of <a href="Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">Session Initiation Protocol</a>, Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (<a href="XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP</a>), <a href="Message_Queuing_Telemetry_Transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Message Queuing Telemetry Transport">Message Queuing Telemetry Transport</a>, <a href="Matrix_(protocol)" title="Matrix (protocol)">Matrix</a>, or another protocol. Signaling may depend on one or more servers.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7478">7478</a> requires implementations to provide <a href="A-law_algorithm" title="A-law algorithm">PCMA</a>/<a href="PCMU" class="mw-redirect" title="PCMU">PCMU</a> (<a href="RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3551">3551</a>), Telephone Event as <a href="DTMF" class="mw-redirect" title="DTMF">DTMF</a> (<a href="RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4733">4733</a>), and <a href="Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a> (<a href="RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6716">6716</a>) <a href="Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">audio codecs</a> as minimum capabilities. The PeerConnection, data channel and media capture browser APIs are detailed in the W3C specification.

</p><p>W3C is developing ORTC (Object Real-Time Communications) for WebRTC.<sup id="cite_ref-ORTC_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORTC-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<p>WebRTC allows browsers to stream files directly to one another, reducing or entirely removing the need for server-side file hosting. <a href="WebTorrent" title="WebTorrent">WebTorrent</a> uses a WebRTC transport to enable peer-to-peer file sharing using the <a href="BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a> protocol in the browser.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="File_hosting_service" class="mw-redirect" title="File hosting service">file-sharing</a> websites use it to allow users to send files directly to one another in their browsers, although this requires the uploader to keep the tab open until the file has been downloaded.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few <a href="Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">CDNs</a>, such as the Microsoft-owned Peer5, use the client's bandwidth to upload media to other connected peers, enabling each peer to act as an edge server.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Although initially developed for web browsers, WebRTC has applications for non-browser devices, including mobile platforms and <a href="Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">IoT devices</a>. Examples include browser-based <a href="VoIP" class="mw-redirect" title="VoIP">VoIP</a> telephony, also called cloud phones or web phones, which allow calls to be made and received from within a web browser, replacing the requirement to download and install a softphone.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support">Support</h2></div>

<p>WebRTC is supported by the following browsers (incomplete list; oldest supported version specified):

</p>

<ul><li>Desktop PC

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge</a> 12+<sup id="cite_ref-edge_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edge-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a> 28+</li>

<li><a href="Firefox" title="Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a> 22+<sup id="cite_ref-Firefox22_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firefox22-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> 11+<sup id="cite_ref-Safari11_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Safari11-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a> 18+<sup id="cite_ref-opera-18_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opera-18-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Vivaldi_(web_browser)" title="Vivaldi (web browser)">Vivaldi</a> 1.9+</li>

<li><a href="Brave_(web_browser)" title="Brave (web browser)">Brave</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>

<ul><li>Google Chrome 28+ (enabled by default since 29)</li>

<li>Mozilla Firefox 24+<sup id="cite_ref-Firefox24_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firefox24-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Opera Mobile 12+</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Firefox_OS" title="Firefox OS">Firefox OS</a></li>

<li><a href="BlackBerry_10" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></li>

<ul><li>MobileSafari/WebKit (<a href="IOS_11" title="IOS 11">iOS 11</a>+)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tizen" title="Tizen">Tizen</a> 3.0</li>

<li><a href="GStreamer" title="GStreamer">GStreamer</a> directly provides a free WebRTC implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="OvenMediaEngine" title="OvenMediaEngine">OvenMediaEngine</a></li>

<li>Ant Media Server<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codec_support_across_browsers">Codec support across browsers</h3></div>

<p>WebRTC establishes a standard set of codecs which all compliant browsers are required to implement. Some browsers may also support other codecs.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<caption>Video codec compatibility

</caption>

<th>Codec name

</th>

<th>Profile

</th>

<th>Browser compatibility

</th></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>Constrained Baseline (CB)

</td>

<td>Chrome (52+), Firefox<sup>[1]</sup>, Safari

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>-

</td>

<td>Chrome, Firefox, Safari (12.1+)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>-

</td>

<td>Chrome (48+), Firefox

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<caption>Audio codec compatibility

</caption>

<th>Codec name

</th>

<th>Browser compatibility

</th></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>Chrome, Firefox, Safari

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>Chrome, Firefox, Safari

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>Chrome, Firefox, Safari

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>Chrome, Firefox, Safari

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>Chrome, Safari

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>Chrome, Safari

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vulnerability">Vulnerability</h2></div>

<p>In January 2015, <a href="TorrentFreak" title="TorrentFreak">TorrentFreak</a> reported a serious security flaw in browsers supporting WebRTC, that compromised the security of <a href="Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a> tunnels by exposing a user's true <a href="IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IPleak_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPleak-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IP address read requests are not visible in the browser's developer console, and they are not blocked by most <a href="Ad_blocking" title="Ad blocking">ad blocking</a>, <a href="Internet_privacy" title="Internet privacy">privacy</a> and <a href="Internet_security" title="Internet security">security</a> add-ons, enabling online tracking despite precautions.<sup id="cite_ref-webrtc-ips_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webrtc-ips-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>It has been reported that the cause of the address leak is not a bug that can be patched, but is foundational to the way WebRTC operates; however, there are several solutions to mitigate the problem. WebRTC leakage can be tested for, and solutions are offered for most browsers.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WebRTC can be disabled, if not required, in most browsers. The <a href="UBlock_Origin" title="UBlock Origin">uBlock Origin</a> add-on can fix this problem (as some browsers now fix this problem by themselves, from uBlock Origin v1.38 onwards this option has been disabled on these browsers<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).

</p>

<li><a href="Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">Real-time Transport Protocol</a> (also known as RTP) is used internally by WebRTC (specifically, it uses SRTP) <sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFProust2016" class="citation cs1">Proust, S., ed. (May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7875"><i>Additional WebRTC Audio Codecs for Interoperability</i></a>. <a href="Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7875">10.17487/RFC7875</a></span>. <a href="Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7875">7875</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-12</span></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFValinBran2016" class="citation cs1">Valin, J. M.; Bran, C. (May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7874"><i>WebRTC Audio Codec and Processing Requirements</i></a>. <a href="Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7874">10.17487/RFC7874</a></span>. <a href="Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7874">7874</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-12</span></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRoach2016" class="citation cs1">Roach, A. B. (March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7742"><i>WebRTC Video Processing and Codec Requirements</i></a>. <a href="Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7742">10.17487/RFC7742</a></span>. <a href="Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7742">7742</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-12</span></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPerumalWingRavindranathReddy2015" class="citation cs1">Perumal, M.; Wing, D.; Ravindranath, R.; Reddy, T.; Thomson, M. (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7675"><i>Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN) Usage for Consent Freshness</i></a>. <a href="Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7675">10.17487/RFC7675</a></span>. <a href="Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7675">7675</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-12</span></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHolmbergHakanssonEriksson2015" class="citation cs1">Holmberg, C.; Hakansson, S.; Eriksson, G. (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7478"><i>Web Real-Time Communication Use Cases and Requirements</i></a>. <a href="Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7478">10.17487/RFC7478</a></span>. <a href="Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7478">7478</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-12</span></span>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w3c.github.io/webrtc-pc/">Official website</a></span></span> </li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/2011/04/webrtc/">W3C Web Real-Time Communications Working Group</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/wg/rtcweb/">IETF Real-Time Communication in WEB-browsers (rtcweb) Working Group</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/webrtc/apprtc">Video chat demo app based on WebRTC</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libdatachannel.org">libdatachannel, open-source WebRTC network library</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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</style><div id="Web_browsers181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browsers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Features_*_standards_*_protocols181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">

<ul><li>Features</li>

<li>standards</li>

<li>protocols</li></ul>

</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bookmark_(digital)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookmark (digital)">Bookmarks</a></li>

<li><a href="Browser_extension" title="Browser extension">Extensions</a></li>

<li><a href="Private_browsing" title="Private browsing">Privacy mode</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Web_standards" title="Web standards">Web standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>

<ul><li><a href="WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a></li>

<li><a href="WebGL" title="WebGL">WebGL</a></li>

<li><a href="WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="HTTPS" title="HTTPS">Encryption</a></li>

<li><a href="HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">Cookies</a>

<ul><li><a href="Third-party_cookies" title="Third-party cookies">third-party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Active181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Active</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Blink_(browser_engine)" title="Blink (browser engine)">Blink</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Avast_Secure_Browser" title="Avast Secure Browser">Avast</a></li>

<li><a href="Comodo_Dragon" title="Comodo Dragon">Comodo</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecosia#Ecosia_Browser" title="Ecosia">Ecosia</a></li>

<li><a href="Huawei_Mobile_Services" title="Huawei Mobile Services">Huawei</a></li>

<li><a href="Maxthon" title="Maxthon">Maxthon</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge</a></li>

<li><a href="Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a> (<a href="Opera_Mobile" title="Opera Mobile">Mobile</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Puffin_Browser" title="Puffin Browser">Puffin </a></li>

<li><a href="Samsung_Internet" title="Samsung Internet">Samsung</a></li>

<li><a href="Sleipnir_(web_browser)" title="Sleipnir (web browser)">Sleipnir</a></li>

<li><a href="SRWare_Iron" title="SRWare Iron">SRWare</a></li>

<li><a href="Vivaldi_(web_browser)" title="Vivaldi (web browser)">Vivaldi</a></li>

<li><a href="Naver_Whale" title="Naver Whale">Whale</a></li>

<li><a href="Yandex_Browser" title="Yandex Browser">Yandex</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">FOSS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a></li>

<li><a href="Brave_(web_browser)" title="Brave (web browser)">Brave</a></li>

<li><a href="Dooble" title="Dooble">Dooble</a></li>

<li><a href="Falkon" title="Falkon">Falkon</a></li>

<li><a href="Otter_Browser" title="Otter Browser">Otter</a></li>

<li><a href="Supermium" title="Supermium">Supermium</a></li>

<li><a href="Ungoogled-chromium" title="Ungoogled-chromium">ungoogled</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a></li>

<li><a href="Floorp" title="Floorp">Floorp</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_IceCat" title="GNU IceCat">GNU IceCat</a></li>

<li><a href="LibreWolf" title="LibreWolf">LibreWolf</a></li>

<li><a href="Midori_(web_browser)" title="Midori (web browser)">Midori</a></li>

<li><a href="SlimBrowser" title="SlimBrowser">SlimBrowser</a></li>

<li>Gecko <a href="Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forks</a>

<ul><li><a href="Basilisk_(web_browser)" title="Basilisk (web browser)">Basilisk</a></li>

<li><a href="K-Meleon" title="K-Meleon">K-Meleon</a></li>

<li><a href="SeaMonkey" title="SeaMonkey">SeaMonkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Waterfox" title="Waterfox">Waterfox</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a></li>

<li><a href="GNOME_Web" title="GNOME Web">GNOME Web</a></li>

<li><a href="Kagi_(search_engine)#Orion_Browser" title="Kagi (search engine)">Orion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-<a href="Browser_engine" title="Browser engine">engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="DuckDuckGo_Private_Browser" title="DuckDuckGo Private Browser">DuckDuckGo</a></li>

<li><a href="Konqueror" title="Konqueror">Konqueror</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunascape" title="Lunascape">Lunascape</a></li>

<li><a href="NetFront" title="NetFront">NetFront</a></li>

<li><a href="Qutebrowser" title="Qutebrowser">qutebrowser</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dillo" title="Dillo">Dillo</a></li>

<li><a href="Ladybird_(web_browser)" title="Ladybird (web browser)">Ladybird</a></li>

<li><a href="Links_(web_browser)" title="Links (web browser)">Links</a></li>

<li><a href="NetSurf" title="NetSurf">NetSurf</a></li>

<li><a href="Opera_Mini" title="Opera Mini">Opera Mini</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Discontinued181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Discontinued</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Blink_(browser_engine)" title="Blink (browser engine)">Blink</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beaker_(web_browser)" title="Beaker (web browser)">Beaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Citrio" title="Citrio">Citrio</a></li>

<li><a href="Flock_(web_browser)" title="Flock (web browser)">Flock</a></li>

<li><a href="Redcore" title="Redcore">Redcore</a></li>

<li><a href="Rockmelt" title="Rockmelt">Rockmelt</a></li>

<li><a href="SalamWeb" title="SalamWeb">SalamWeb</a></li>

<li><a href="Sputnik_(search_engine)#Browser" title="Sputnik (search engine)">Sputnik</a></li>

<li><a href="Torch_(web_browser)" title="Torch (web browser)">Torch</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beonex_Communicator" title="Beonex Communicator">Beonex</a></li>

<li><a href="Camino_(web_browser)" title="Camino (web browser)">Camino</a></li>

<li><a href="Classilla" title="Classilla">Classilla</a></li>

<li><a href="Conkeror" title="Conkeror">Conkeror</a></li>

<li><a href="Firefox_Lite" title="Firefox Lite">Firefox Lite</a></li>

<li><a href="Galeon" title="Galeon">Galeon</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghostzilla" title="Ghostzilla">Ghostzilla</a></li>

<li><a href="Comodo_IceDragon" title="Comodo IceDragon">IceDragon</a></li>

<li><a href="Kazehakase" title="Kazehakase">Kazehakase</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Lotus_Symphony" title="IBM Lotus Symphony">Lotus</a></li>

<li><a href="MicroB" title="MicroB">MicroB</a></li>

<li><a href="Minimo" title="Minimo">Minimo</a></li>

<li><a href="Mozilla_Application_Suite" title="Mozilla Application Suite">Mozilla suite</a></li>

<li><a href="PirateBrowser" title="PirateBrowser">PirateBrowser</a></li>

<li><a href="Kirix_Strata" title="Kirix Strata">Strata</a></li>

<li><a href="Swiftfox" title="Swiftfox">Swiftfox</a></li>

<li><a href="Swiftweasel" title="Swiftweasel">Swiftweasel</a></li>

<li><a href="TenFourFox" class="mw-redirect" title="TenFourFox">TenFourFox</a></li>

<li><a href="Timberwolf_(web_browser)" title="Timberwolf (web browser)">Timberwolf</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Trident_(software)" title="Trident (software)">MSHTML</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a></li>

<li><a href="Deepnet_Explorer" title="Deepnet Explorer">Deepnet</a></li>

<li><a href="GreenBrowser" title="GreenBrowser">GreenBrowser</a></li>

<li><a href="MediaBrowser" title="MediaBrowser">MediaBrowser</a></li>

<li><a href="MSN_Dial-Up_Internet_Access#MSN_Explorer" title="MSN Dial-Up Internet Access">MSN Explorer</a></li>

<li><a href="MSN_Dial-Up_Internet_Access#MSN_2.0" title="MSN Dial-Up Internet Access">MSN Program Viewer</a></li>

<li><a href="NeoPlanet" title="NeoPlanet">NeoPlanet</a></li>

<li><a href="NetCaptor" title="NetCaptor">NetCaptor</a></li>

<li><a href="SpaceTime_(software)" title="SpaceTime (software)">SpaceTime</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Arora_(web_browser)" title="Arora (web browser)">Arora</a></li>

<li><a href="Dolphin_Browser" title="Dolphin Browser">Dolphin</a></li>

<li><a href="Fluid_(web_browser)" title="Fluid (web browser)">Fluid</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_TV_(smart_TV_platform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Google TV (smart TV platform)">Google TV</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercury_Browser" title="Mercury Browser">Mercury</a></li>

<li><a href="Nokia_Browser_for_Symbian" title="Nokia Browser for Symbian">Nokia Symbian</a></li>

<li><a href="OmniWeb" title="OmniWeb">OmniWeb</a></li>

<li><a href="Opera_Coast" title="Opera Coast">Opera Coast</a></li>

<li><a href="Origyn_Web_Browser" title="Origyn Web Browser">Origyn</a></li>

<li><a href="QtWeb" title="QtWeb">QtWeb</a></li>

<li><a href="Shiira" title="Shiira">Shiira</a></li>

<li><a href="Steel_(web_browser)" title="Steel (web browser)">Steel</a></li>

<li><a href="WebPositive" class="mw-redirect" title="WebPositive">WebPositive</a></li>

<li><a href="Xombrero" title="Xombrero">xombrero</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abaco_(web_browser)" title="Abaco (web browser)">abaco</a></li>

<li><a href="Amaya_(web_editor)" title="Amaya (web editor)">Amaya</a></li>

<li><a href="Arachne_(web_browser)" title="Arachne (web browser)">Arachne</a></li>

<li><a href="Arena_(web_browser)" title="Arena (web browser)">Arena</a></li>

<li><a href="Blazer_(web_browser)" title="Blazer (web browser)">Blazer</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Live_Labs_Deepfish" title="Microsoft Live Labs Deepfish">Deepfish</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Edge_Legacy" title="Microsoft Edge Legacy">Edge Legacy</a></li>

<li><a href="ELinks" title="ELinks">ELinks</a></li>

<li><a href="Gazelle_(web_browser)" title="Gazelle (web browser)">Gazelle</a></li>

<li><a href="HotJava" title="HotJava">HotJava</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Home_Page_Reader" title="IBM Home Page Reader">IBM Home Page Reader</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_WebExplorer" title="IBM WebExplorer">IBM WebExplorer</a></li>

<li><a href="IBrowse" title="IBrowse">IBrowse</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_Explorer_for_Mac" title="Internet Explorer for Mac">Internet Explorer for Mac</a></li>

<li><a href="KidZui" title="KidZui">KidZui</a></li>

<li><a href="Mosaic_(web_browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic (web browser)">Mosaic</a></li>

<li><a href="NetPositive" class="mw-redirect" title="NetPositive">NetPositive</a></li>

<li><a href="Netscape_(web_browser)" title="Netscape (web browser)">Netscape</a></li>

<li><a href="Skweezer" title="Skweezer">Skweezer</a></li>

<li><a href="Skyfire_(company)" title="Skyfire (company)">Skyfire</a></li>

<li><a href="ThunderHawk" title="ThunderHawk">ThunderHawk</a></li>

<li><a href="Vision_Mobile_Browser" title="Vision Mobile Browser">Vision</a></li>

<li><a href="WinWAP" title="WinWAP">WinWAP</a></li>

<li><a href="WorldWideWeb" title="WorldWideWeb">WorldWideWeb</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_web_browsers" title="Comparison of web browsers">Comparison</a></li>

<li>Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Web_interfaces26" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Web_interfaces26" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Web_API" title="Web API">Web interfaces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div id="Server-side154"><a href="Server-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Server-side">Server-side</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Protocols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="HTTPS" title="HTTPS">Encryption</a></li>

<li><a href="WebDAV" title="WebDAV">WebDAV</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Server_application_programming_interface" title="Server application programming interface">Server APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Netscape_Server_Application_Programming_Interface" title="Netscape Server Application Programming Interface">C NSAPI</a></li>

<li><a href="Apache_HTTP_Server#Feature_overview" title="Apache HTTP Server">C ASAPI</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_Server_Application_Programming_Interface" title="Internet Server Application Programming Interface">C ISAPI</a></li>

<li><a href="Jakarta_Servlet" title="Jakarta Servlet">Jakarta Servlet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Web_container" title="Web container">container</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="HTTP_handler" title="HTTP handler">ASP.NET Handler</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Web Server Gateway Interface">Python WSGI</a></li>

<li><a href="Asynchronous_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Asynchronous Server Gateway Interface">Python ASGI</a></li>

<li><a href="JSGI" title="JSGI">JavaScript JSGI</a></li>

<li><a href="Java_Portlet_Specification" title="Java Portlet Specification">Portlet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Java_Portlet_Specification" title="Java Portlet Specification">container</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_Apache_modules" title="List of Apache modules">Apache modules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Server_Side_Includes" title="Server Side Includes">mod_include</a></li>

<li><a href="Mod_parrot" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod parrot">mod_parrot</a></li>

<li><a href="Mod_proxy" title="Mod proxy">mod_proxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Mod_python" title="Mod python">mod_python</a></li>

<li><a href="Phusion_Passenger" title="Phusion Passenger">Phusion Passenger</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Web_service" title="Web service">Web service</a> vs. <a href="Web_resource" title="Web resource">Web resource</a></li>

<li><a href="Webhook" title="Webhook">Webhook</a></li>

<li><a href="Application_server" title="Application server">Application server</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_application_servers" title="List of application servers">comparison</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Server-side_scripting" title="Server-side scripting">Scripting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div id="Client-side89"><a href="Client-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-side">Client-side</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">Browser APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="NPAPI" title="NPAPI">C NPAPI</a>

<ul><li><a href="NPAPI#LiveConnect" title="NPAPI">LiveConnect</a></li>

<li><a href="NPAPI#XPConnect" title="NPAPI">XPConnect</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="NPAPI#NPRuntime" title="NPAPI">C NPRuntime</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Native_Client#Pepper" title="Google Native Client">C PPAPI</a>

<li><a href="ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Web_API#Client_side" title="Web API">Web APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="HTML_audio" title="HTML audio">Audio</a></li>

<li><a href="Canvas_element" title="Canvas element">Canvas</a></li>

<li><a href="HTML_video" title="HTML video">Video</a></li>

<li><a href="WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSockets</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_Messaging" title="Web Messaging">Web messaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_worker" title="Web worker">Web worker</a></li>

<li><a href="XMLHttpRequest" title="XMLHttpRequest">XMLHttpRequest</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DOM_event" title="DOM event">DOM events</a></li>

<li><a href="W3C_Geolocation_API" title="W3C Geolocation API">Geolocation</a></li>

<li><a href="Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a></li>

<li><a href="WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li>

<li><a href="WebAuthn" title="WebAuthn">WebAuthn</a></li>

<li><a href="WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li>

<li><a href="WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Khronos_Group" title="Khronos Group">Khronos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="WebCL" title="WebCL">WebCL</a></li>

<li><a href="WebGL" title="WebGL">WebGL</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gears_(software)" title="Gears (software)">Gears</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_SQL_Database" title="Web SQL Database">Web SQL Database</a> (formerly W3C)</li>

<li><a href="WebUSB" title="WebUSB">WebUSB</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ajax_(programming)" title="Ajax (programming)">Ajax</a> and <a href="Remote_scripting" title="Remote scripting">Remote scripting</a> vs. <a href="Dynamic_HTML" title="Dynamic HTML">DHTML</a></li>

<li><a href="Browser_extension" title="Browser extension">Browser extension</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">Cross-site scripting</a> and <a href="Cross-origin_resource_sharing" title="Cross-origin resource sharing">CORS</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydration_(web_development)" title="Hydration (web development)">Hydration</a></li>

<li><a href="Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">Mashup</a></li>

<li><a href="Client-side_persistent_data" title="Client-side persistent data">Persistent data</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_web_page#Client-side_scripting" title="Dynamic web page">Scripting</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Frontend_and_backend" title="Frontend and backend">Frontend and backend</a></li>

<li><a href="Microservices" title="Microservices">Microservices</a>

<li><a href="GraphQL" title="GraphQL">GraphQL</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Push_technology" title="Push technology">Push technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Solution_stack" title="Solution stack">Solution stack</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Static_web_page" title="Static web page">Static</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_web_page" title="Dynamic web page">Dynamic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Web_standards" title="Web standards">Web standards</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_API_security" title="Web API security">Web API security</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_application" title="Web application">Web application</a>

<li><a href="Single-page_application" title="Single-page application">Single-page</a></li>

<li><a href="Progressive_web_app" title="Progressive web app">Progressive</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Web_framework" title="Web framework">Web framework</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-08" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=WebRTC&oldid=1299449580">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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